Yoel 1:1-12
Konteks1:1 This 1 is the Lord’s message 2 that was given 3
to Joel 4 the son of Pethuel:
1:2 Listen to this, you elders; 5
pay attention, 6 all inhabitants of the land.
Has anything like this ever happened in your whole life 7
or in the lifetime 8 of your ancestors? 9
1:3 Tell your children 10 about it,
have your children tell their children,
and their children the following generation. 11
1:4 What the gazam-locust left the ‘arbeh-locust consumed, 12
what the ‘arbeh-locust left the yeleq-locust consumed,
and what the yeleq-locust left the hasil-locust consumed! 13
1:5 Wake up, you drunkards, 14 and weep!
Wail, all you wine drinkers, 15
because the sweet wine 16 has been taken away 17 from you. 18
1:6 For a nation 19 has invaded 20 our 21 land.
There are so many of them they are too numerous to count. 22
Their teeth are like those 23 of a lion;
they tear apart their prey like a lioness. 24
1:7 They 25 have destroyed our 26 vines; 27
they have turned our 28 fig trees into mere splinters.
They have completely stripped off the bark 29 and thrown them aside;
the 30 twigs are stripped bare. 31
1:8 Wail 32 like a young virgin 33 clothed in sackcloth,
lamenting the death of 34 her husband-to-be. 35
1:9 No one brings grain offerings or drink offerings
to the temple 36 of the Lord anymore. 37
So the priests, those who serve the Lord, are in mourning.
1:10 The crops of the fields 38 have been destroyed. 39
The ground is in mourning because the grain has perished.
The fresh wine has dried up;
the olive oil languishes.
1:11 Be distressed, 40 farmers;
wail, vinedressers, over the wheat and the barley.
For the harvest of the field has perished.
1:12 The vine has dried up;
the fig tree languishes –
the pomegranate, date, and apple 41 as well.
In fact, 42 all the trees of the field have dried up.
Indeed, the joy of the people 43 has dried up!
Yoel 2:1-11
Konteks2:1 Blow the trumpet 44 in Zion;
sound the alarm signal on my holy mountain!
Let all the inhabitants of the land shake with fear,
for the day of the Lord is about to come.
2:2 It will be 47 a day of dreadful darkness, 48
a day of foreboding storm clouds, 49
like blackness 50 spread over the mountains.
It is a huge and powerful army 51 –
there has never been anything like it ever before,
and there will not be anything like it for many generations to come! 52
2:3 Like fire they devour everything in their path; 53
a flame blazes behind them.
The land looks like the Garden of Eden 54 before them,
but behind them there is only a desolate wilderness –
for nothing escapes them! 55
they charge ahead like war horses.
2:5 They sound like 57 chariots rumbling 58 over mountain tops,
like the crackling 59 of blazing fire consuming stubble,
like the noise of 60 a mighty army 61 being drawn up for battle. 62
2:6 People 63 writhe in fear when they see them. 64
All of their faces turn pale with fright. 65
2:7 They 66 charge 67 like warriors;
they scale walls like soldiers. 68
Each one proceeds on his course;
they do not alter 69 their path.
2:8 They do not jostle one another; 70
each of them marches straight ahead. 71
They burst through 72 the city defenses 73
and do not break ranks.
2:9 They rush into 74 the city;
they scale 75 its walls.
They climb up into the houses;
they go in through the windows like a thief.
2:10 The earth quakes 76 before them; 77
the sky reverberates. 78
The sun and the moon grow dark;
the stars refuse to shine. 79
2:11 The voice of the Lord thunders 80 as he leads his army. 81
Indeed, his warriors 82 are innumerable; 83
Surely his command is carried out! 84
Yes, the day of the Lord is awesome 85
and very terrifying – who can survive 86 it?
[1:1] 1 sn The dating of the book of Joel is a matter of dispute. Some scholars date the book as early as the ninth century
[1:1] 2 tn Heb “the word of the
[1:1] 3 tn Heb “that was.” The term “given” does not appear in the Hebrew, but is supplied in the translation for the sake of clarity and smoothness.
[1:1] 4 sn The name Joel means in Hebrew “the
[1:2] 5 sn Elders here refers not necessarily to men advanced in years, but to leaders within the community.
[1:2] 7 tn Heb “days.” The term “days” functions here as a synecdoche for one’s lifespan.
[1:3] 10 tn Heb “sons.” This word occurs several times in this verse.
[1:3] 11 sn The circumstances that precipitated the book of Joel surrounded a locust invasion in Palestine that was of unprecedented proportions. The locusts had devastated the country’s agrarian economy, with the unwelcome consequences extending to every important aspect of commercial, religious, and national life. To further complicate matters, a severe drought had exhausted water supplies, causing life-threatening shortages for animal and human life (cf. v. 20). Locust invasions occasionally present significant problems in Palestine in modern times. The year 1865 was commonly known among Arabic-speaking peoples of the Near East as sent el jarad, “year of the locust.” The years 1892, 1899, and 1904 witnessed significant locust invasions in Palestine. But in modern times there has been nothing equal in magnitude to the great locust invasion that began in Palestine in February of 1915. This modern parallel provides valuable insight into the locust plague the prophet Joel points to as a foreshadowing of the day of the Lord. For an eyewitness account of the 1915 locust invasion of Palestine see J. D. Whiting, “Jerusalem’s Locust Plague,” National Geographic 28 (December 1915): 511-50.
[1:4] 12 tn Heb “eaten.” This verb is repeated three times in v. 4 to emphasize the total devastation of the crops by this locust invasion.
[1:4] 13 tn The four Hebrew terms used in this verse are of uncertain meaning. English translations show a great deal of variation in dealing with these: (1) For ָגּזָם (gazam) KJV has “palmerworm,” NEB “locust,” NAB “cutter”, NASB “gnawing locust,” NIV “locust swarm,” NKJV “chewing locust,” NRSV, NLT “cutting locust(s),” NIrV “giant locusts”; (2) for אַרְבֶּה (’arbeh) KJV has “locust,” NEB “swarm,” NAB “locust swarm,” NASB, NKJV, NRSV, NLT “swarming locust(s),” NIV “great locusts,” NIrV “common locusts”; (3) for יֶלֶק (yeleq) KJV has “cankerworm,” NEB “hopper,” NAB “grasshopper,” NASB “creeping locust,” NIV, NIrV “young locusts,” NKJV “crawling locust,” NRSV, NLT “hopping locust(s)”; (4) for חָסִיל (khasil) KJV has “caterpillar,” NEB “grub,” NAB “devourer,” NASB, NLT “stripping locust(s),” NIV, NIrV “other locusts,” NKJV “consuming locust,” NRSV “destroying locust.” It is debated whether the Hebrew terms describe different species of locusts or similar insects or different developmental stages of the same species, or are virtual synonyms. While the last seems more likely, given the uncertainty over their exact meaning, the present translation has transliterated the Hebrew terms in combination with the word “locust.”
[1:4] sn Four different words for “locust” are used in this verse. Whether these words represent different life-stages of the locusts, or whether virtual synonyms are being used to underscore the severity of damage caused by the relentless waves of locust invasion, is not entirely certain. The latter seems more likely. Many interpreters have understood the locust plagues described here to be symbolic of invading armies that will devastate the land, but the symbolism could also work the other way, with real plagues of locusts described in the following verses as an invading army.
[1:5] 14 sn The word drunkards has a double edge here. Those accustomed to drinking too much must now lament the unavailability of wine. It also may hint that the people in general have become religiously inebriated and are unresponsive to the Lord. They are, as it were, drunkards from a spiritual standpoint.
[1:5] 15 sn Joel addresses the first of three groups particularly affected by the locust plague. In v. 5 he describes the effects on the drunkards, who no longer have a ready supply of intoxicating wine; in vv. 11-12 he describes the effects on the farmers, who have watched their labors come to naught because of the insect infestation; and in vv. 13-14 he describes the effects on the priests, who are no longer able to offer grain sacrifices and libations in the temple.
[1:5] 16 tn Heb “over the sweet wine, because it.” Cf. KJV, NIV, TEV, NLT “new wine.”
[1:5] 17 tn Heb “cut off” (so KJV, ASV, NASB, NRSV); NAB “will be withheld.”
[1:5] 18 tn Heb “your mouth.” This is a synecdoche of part (the mouth) for whole (the person).
[1:6] 19 sn As becomes increasingly clear in what follows, this nation is to be understood figuratively. It refers to the locust invasion as viewed from the standpoint of its methodical, destructive advance across the land (BDB 156 s.v. גּוֹי 2). This term is used figuratively to refer to animals one other time (Zeph 2:14).
[1:6] 20 tn Heb “has come up against.”
[1:6] 22 tn Heb “[It] is huge and there is not number.”
[1:6] 23 tn Heb “its teeth are the teeth of a lion.”
[1:6] 24 tn Heb “its incisors are those of a lioness.” The sharp, cutting teeth are metonymical for the action of tearing apart and eating prey. The language is clearly hyperbolic. Neither locusts nor human invaders literally have teeth of this size. The prophet is using exaggerated and picturesque language to portray in vivid terms the enormity of the calamity. English versions vary greatly on the specifics: KJV “cheek teeth”; ASV “jaw-teeth”; NAB “molars”; NASB, NIV, NRSV “fangs.”
[1:7] 25 tn Heb “it.” Throughout vv. 6-7 the Hebrew uses singular forms to describe the locust swarm, but the translation uses plural forms because several details of the text make more sense in English as if they are describing the appearance and effects of individual locusts.
[1:7] 27 tn Both “vines” and “fig trees” are singular in the Hebrew text, but are regarded as collective singulars.
[1:7] 29 tn Heb “it has completely stripped her.”
[1:7] sn Once choice leafy vegetation is no longer available to them, locusts have been known to consume the bark of small tree limbs, leaving them in an exposed and vulnerable condition. It is apparently this whitened condition of limbs that Joel is referring to here.
[1:8] 32 sn The verb is feminine singular, raising a question concerning its intended antecedent. A plural verb would be expected here, the idea being that all the inhabitants of the land should grieve. Perhaps Joel is thinking specifically of the city of Jerusalem, albeit in a representative sense. The choice of the feminine singular verb form has probably been influenced to some extent by the allusion to the young widow in the simile of v. 8.
[1:8] 33 tn Or “a young woman” (TEV, CEV). See the note on the phrase “husband-to-be” in the next line.
[1:8] 34 tn Heb “over the death of.” The term “lamenting” does not appear in the Hebrew, but is supplied in the translation for smoothness.
[1:8] 35 sn Heb “the husband of her youth.” The woman described here may already be married, so the reference is to the death of a husband rather than a fiancé (a husband-to-be). Either way, the simile describes a painful and unexpected loss to which the national tragedy Joel is describing may be compared.
[1:9] 36 tn Heb “house.” So also in vv. 13, 14, 16.
[1:9] 37 tn Heb “grain offering and drink offering are cut off from the house of the
[1:10] 38 tn Heb “the field has been utterly destroyed.” The term “field,” a collective singular for “fields,” is a metonymy for crops produced by the fields.
[1:10] 39 tn Joel uses intentionally alliterative language in the phrases שֻׁדַּד שָׂדֶה (shuddad sadeh, “the field is destroyed”) and אֲבְלָה אֲדָמָה (’avlah ’adamah, “the ground is in mourning”).
[1:11] 40 tn Heb “embarrassed”; or “be ashamed.”
[1:12] 41 tn This Hebrew word וְתַפּוּחַ (vÿtappuakh) probably refers to the apple tree (so most English versions), but other suggestions that scholars have offered include the apricot, citron, or quince.
[1:12] 42 tn These words are not in the Hebrew text but are supplied in the translation for clarity.
[1:12] 43 tn Heb “the sons of man.”
[2:1] 44 tn The word translated “trumpet” here (so most English versions) is the Hebrew שׁוֹפָר (shofar). The shophar was a wind instrument made from a cow or ram’s horn and used as a military instrument for calling people to attention in the face of danger or as a religious instrument for calling people to occasions of communal celebration.
[2:1] 46 sn The interpretation of 2:1-11 is very difficult. Four views may be mentioned here. (1) Some commentators understand this section to be describing a human invasion of Judah on the part of an ancient army. The exact identity of this army (e.g., Assyrian or Babylonian) varies among interpreters depending upon issues of dating for the book of Joel. (2) Some commentators take the section to describe an eschatological scene in which the army according to some is human, or according to others is nonhuman (i.e., angelic). (3) Some interpreters argue for taking the section to refer to the potential advent in the fall season of a severe east wind (i.e., Sirocco) that would further exacerbate the conditions of the land described in chapter one. (4) Finally, some interpreters understand the section to continue the discussion of locust invasion and drought described in chapter one, partly on the basis that there is no clear exegetical evidence in 2:1-11 to suggest a shift of referent from that of chapter one.
[2:2] 47 tn The phrase “It will be” does not appear in the Hebrew, but is supplied in the translation for the sake of smoothness and style.
[2:2] 48 tn Heb “darkness and gloom.” These two terms probably form a hendiadys here. This picture recalls the imagery of the supernatural darkness in Egypt during the judgments of the exodus (Exod 10:22). These terms are also frequently used as figures (metonymy of association) for calamity and divine judgment (Isa 8:22; 59:9; Jer 23:12; Zeph 1:15). Darkness is often a figure (metonymy of association) for death, dread, distress and judgment (BDB 365 s.v. חשֶׁךְ 3).
[2:2] 49 tn Heb “a day of cloud and darkness.”
[2:2] 50 tc The present translation here follows the proposed reading שְׁחֹר (shÿkhor, “blackness”) rather than the MT שַׁחַר (shakhar, “morning”). The change affects only the vocalization; the Hebrew consonants remain unchanged. Here the context calls for a word describing darkness. The idea of morning or dawn speaks instead of approaching light, which does not seem to fit here. The other words in the verse (e.g., “darkness,” “gloominess,” “cloud,” “heavy overcast”) all emphasize the negative aspects of the matter at hand and lead the reader to expect a word like “blackness” rather than “dawn.” However, NIrV paraphrases the MT nicely: “A huge army of locusts is coming. They will spread across the mountains like the sun when it rises.”
[2:2] 51 tn Heb “A huge and powerful people”; KJV, ASV “a great people and a strong.” Many interpreters understand Joel 2 to describe an invasion of human armies, either in past history (e.g., the Babylonian invasion of Palestine in the sixth century
[2:2] 52 tn Heb “it will not be repeated for years of generation and generation.”
[2:3] 53 tn Heb “a fire devours before it.”
[2:3] 54 tn Heb “like the garden of Eden, the land is before them.”
[2:3] 55 tn Heb “and surely a survivor there is not for it.” The antecedent of the pronoun “it” is apparently עַם (’am, “people”) of v. 2, which seems to be a figurative way of referring to the locusts. K&D 26:191-92 thought that the antecedent of this pronoun was “land,” but the masculine gender of the pronoun does not support this.
[2:4] 56 tn Heb “Like the appearance of horses [is] its appearance.”
[2:4] sn The fact that a locust’s head resembles a miniature replica of a horse’s head has often been noticed. For example, the German word for locust (Heupferd, “hay horse”) and the Italian word as well (cavaletta, “little horse”) are based on this similarity in appearance.
[2:5] 57 tn Heb “like the sound of.”
[2:5] sn The repetition of the word of comparison (“like”) in vv. 4-7 should not go unnoticed. The author is comparing the locust invasion to familiar aspects of human invasion. If the preposition has its normal force here, it is similarity and not identity that is intended. In other words, locusts are being likened to human armies, but human armies are not actually present. On the other hand, this Hebrew preposition is also on occasion used to indicate exactitude, a function described by grammarians as kaph veritatis.
[2:5] 58 tn Heb “jostling” or “leaping.” There is question whether this pictures chariots rumbling over the mountains (e.g., 2 Sam 6:14,16; 1 Chr 15:29; Nah 3:2) or the locusts flying – or “leaping” – over the mountains (e.g., Job 21:11); see BDB 955 s.v. רָקַד.
[2:5] 60 tn The phrase “the noise of” does not appear in the Hebrew, but is implied by the parallelism, so it has been supplied in the translation for the sake of clarity.
[2:5] 62 tn Heb “being arrayed of battle.”
[2:6] 65 tn Heb “all faces gather beauty”; or “all faces gather a glow.” The Hebrew word פָּארוּר (pa’rur) is found in the OT only here and in Nah 2:11. Its meaning is very uncertain. Some scholars associate it with a root that signifies “glowing”; hence “all faces gather a glow of dread.” Others associate the word with פָּרוּר (parur, “pot”); hence “all faces gather blackness.” Still others take the root to signify “beauty”; hence “all faces gather in their beauty” in the sense of growing pale due to fear. This is the view assumed here.
[2:7] 66 sn Since the invaders are compared to warriors, this suggests that they are not actually human, but instead an army of locusts.
[2:7] 68 tn Heb “men of battle.”
[2:7] 69 tc The translation reads יְעַבְּתוּן (yÿ’abbÿtun) for MT יְעַבְּטוּן (yÿ’abbÿtun). The verb found in MT (עָבַט, ’avat) means “take or give a pledge” (cf. Deut 15:6, 8; 24:10) and does not fit the context. Some scholars have proposed various emendations: (1) יְעָוְּתוּן (yÿ’avvÿtun, “they make crooked”); (2) יָטּוּן (yattun, “they turn aside”); (3) יָעַוּוּן (ya’avvun, “they err”); and (4) יְעָבְּתוּן (adopted in the present translation) from the root I עָבַת (’avat, “to twist, pervert”) or II עָבַת (’avat, “to change, abandon”). KBL adopt the latter option, but the only biblical evidence for this is the problematic reference in Joel 2:7. Another option is to view it as a variant of the root חבט (khavat, “turn aside from”), a meaning attested for the Arabic cognate. The difference in spelling would be due to the interchange of the guttural letters khet (ח) and ayin (ע). This may lay behind LXX rendering ἐκκλίνωσιν (ekklinwsin; cf. Syriac Peshitta nstwn and Vg declinabunt). See S. F. Whitley, “‘bt in Joel 2, 7,” Bib 65 (1984): 101-2.
[2:8] 70 tn “each one does not crowd his brother.”
[2:8] 71 tn Heb “each warrior walks in his own course.”
[2:8] 72 tn Heb “they fall upon.” This line has been interpreted in two different ways: (1) although they fall upon the sword, they shall not be wounded (KJV), or (2) when they “burst through” the city’s defenses, they will not break ranks (RSV, NASB, NIV, NIrV).
[2:8] 73 tn Heb “missile” or “javelin.” This term appears to function as a synecdoche for the city’s defenses as a whole (cf. NASB, NIV, TEV). Some scholars instead understand the reference to be an aqueduct by which the locusts (or armies) entered the city.
[2:9] 74 tn Heb “dart about in.”
[2:9] 75 tn Or “they run upon its wall.”
[2:10] 76 sn Witnesses of locust invasions have described the visual effect of large numbers of these creatures crawling over one another on the ground. At such times the ground is said to appear to be in motion, creating a dizzying effect on some observers. The reference in v. 10 to the darkening of the sun and moon probably has to do with the obscuring of visibility due to large numbers of locusts swarming in the sky.
[2:10] 79 tn Heb “gather their brightness.”
[2:11] 80 tn Heb “the
[2:11] 81 tn Heb “before his army.”
[2:11] 82 tn Heb “military encampment.”
[2:11] 83 tn Heb “very large.”
[2:11] 84 tn Heb “he makes his word powerful.”
[2:11] 85 tn Or “powerful.” Heb “great.”
[2:11] 86 tn Heb “endure.” The MT and LXX read “endure,” while one of the Qumran manuscripts (4QXXIIc) has “bear.”
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